—While Afrofuturism is primarily concerned with the relationships between New World blacks and technology, ethnoscape criticism focuses on the racial elements of individual sf texts, offering not only new ways to understand them but new ways to imagine our world.

Lavender, Isiah. “Ethnoscapes: Environment and Language in Ishmael Reed’s ‘Mumbo Jumbo’, Colson Whitehead’s ‘The Intuitionist’, and Samuel R. Delany’s ‘Babel-17’.” Science Fiction Studies 34, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 187-200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4241521.